Gospina trava: 10 potencijalnih zdravstvenih blagodati, doziranja i nuspojava

Gospina trava znanstveno je poznata pod nazivom Hypericum perforatum. Cvjetnica je porijeklom iz Europe. Stoljećima se koristi u narodnoj medicini za liječenje mnogih bolesti. Ekstrakti kantariona sadrže aktivne sastojke poput hipericina i hiperforina. Kaže se da biljka ima protuupalna, antimikrobna, antioksidativna i antikancerogena svojstva. Ovaj biljni lijek može pomoći u liječenju depresije, kontroliranju simptoma menopauze, zacjeljivanju rana, poboljšanju poremećaja hiperaktivnosti deficita pažnje (ADHD) i liječenju anksioznog poremećaja.

U ovom ćemo članku razgovarati o zdravstvenim prednostima, doziranju i potencijalnim nuspojavama gospine trave. Nastavi čitati.

Koje su blagodati gospine trave?

1. Može vam pomoći u liječenju depresije

Gospina trava može pomoći u liječenju depresije. Općenito, lijekovi poput antidepresiva koriste se za liječenje ovog psihološkog problema. Antidepresivi obično dolaze s drugim nuspojavama. Kaže se da gospina trava sadrži neke aktivne sastojke poput hiperforina, adhiperforina i hipericina koji mogu povećati razinu kemijskih glasnika u mozgu (1).

Studija je pokazala da su sudionici koji su uzimali kantarion imali mnogo manje vjerojatnosti da će doživjeti neželjene događaje od onih koji su koristili antidepresive (2). Uz to, korištenje kantariona smanjuje simptome depresije u sličnoj mjeri kao i antidepresivi (3).

Još jedno istraživanje koje je provelo Sveučilište u Queenslandu podržalo je upotrebu gospine trave u liječenju blage depresije (4). Pregled 29 međunarodnih studija sugerira da je gospina trava možda bolja od placeba i jednako učinkovita kao različiti standardni antidepresivi na recept koji se koriste za liječenje depresije (5).

2. Može kontrolirati simptome menopauze

Ekstrakt kantariona može se koristiti za ublažavanje psiholoških i vegetativnih simptoma menopauze. Mogao bi poboljšati kvalitetu života i valunge u žena u perimenopauzi. Za daljnje razumijevanje ovog mehanizma potrebna su daljnja veća klinička ispitivanja (6).

U drugoj studiji, 111 žena kojima je dodavano 900 mg kantariona svakodnevno tijekom 12 tjedana pokazalo je poboljšanje simptoma menopauze (7). Druga studija navodi da se biljka može koristiti kao učinkovit tretman za vazomotorne simptome žena u perimenopauzi ili postmenopauzi (8).

Također, ekstrakti kantariona i njihova kombinacija s biljem pokazali su manje nuspojava u žena u postmenopauzi (9). Svakodnevno liječenje kantarionom bilo je učinkovitije za liječenje predmenstrualnog sindroma (PMS) (10).

3. Može vam pomoći u zacjeljivanju rana

Gospina trava tradicionalno se koristi za liječenje rana i opeklina (11), (12). Ekstrakti ove biljke također se koriste kao narodni lijek za promicanje zacjeljivanja rana na koži (13). Gospina trava također je rezultirala bržim upalnim odgovorom i pomogla je u zacjeljivanju dijabetičkih kirurških rana (14).

Utvrđeno je da ovaj biljni lijek i njegov metabolit (hiperforin) pomažu u liječenju upalnih poremećaja kože (15). Otkriveno je da kantarion liječi rane kao rezultat sinteze kolagena i migracije fibroblasta (16).

4. Može liječiti poremećaj hiperaktivnosti s deficitom pažnje (ADHD)

Gospina trava može pomoći u liječenju poremećaja hiperaktivnosti s nedostatkom pažnje (ADHD). Studija koju je provela Regionalna bolnica Bozen, Bolzano, otkrila je da je gospina trava pokazala blago poboljšanje srednjih rezultata čimbenika hiperaktivnosti i nezrelosti pacijenata (17).

Međutim, studija koja je koristila ekstrakt kantariona za liječenje djece i adolescenata s ADHD-om nije poboljšala njihove simptome (18). Stoga su potrebna daljnja dugoročna istraživanja kako bi se dalje razumjela ova korist od gospine trave.

5. Može liječiti anksiozni poremećaj

Gospina trava posjeduje neka korisna terapijska svojstva koja mogu pomoći u liječenju anksioznog poremećaja. Biljka ima antidepresivna svojstva koja se koriste u liječenju velikog depresivnog poremećaja (MDD) s popratnom anksioznošću (19). Studija koju je Sveučilište Western Illinois provelo na miševima otkrila je da je kantarion pomogao u liječenju posttraumatskog stresnog poremećaja (koji uključuje anksiozni poremećaj) (20).

Međutim, u tom je pogledu potrebno više istraživanja.

6. Može liječiti atopijski dermatitis

Hiperforin, glavni sastojak gospine trave, djeluje protuupalno. Lokalna primjena kreme od kantariona može pomoći u liječenju atopijskog dermatitisa (21).

Sastavni dijelovi biljke, poput hiperforina i hipericina, posjeduju antioksidativna, protuupalna, antikancerogena i antimikrobna svojstva koja mogu pomoći u liječenju atopijskog dermatitisa (22). Također, hipericin je fotosenzibilizator koji se može koristiti za selektivno liječenje nemelanomskog karcinoma kože (22).

U tom je pogledu potrebno više istraživanja.

7. Može liječiti somatoformne poremećaje

Somatoformni poremećaji su mentalni poremećaji koji se manifestiraju kao fizičke ozljede. Početna ispitivanja pokazala su da gospina trava može imati određenu učinkovitost u bolesnika s somatoformnim poremećajima (23). U drugoj studiji, primjena 600 mg ekstrakta kantariona dnevno bila je učinkovita u liječenju somatoformnih poremećaja (24).

8. Može smanjiti rizik od raka

Hiperforin i njegovi derivati ​​(poput aristoforina) prirodni su proizvodi gospine trave koji imaju nekoliko farmakoloških svojstava. Kaže se da je hiperforin snažno sredstvo protiv raka (25). Kaže se da germplazma bogata melatoninom ima gospinu travu koja posjeduje antioksidativna svojstva. Pomažu u inhibiciji rasta stanica raka (26).

Hiperforin također potiče programiranu staničnu smrt različitih stanica raka i inhibira njihovu sposobnost migracije (27), (28). Hiperforin i njegovi derivati ​​zauzimaju istaknuto mjesto kao lijekovi protiv raka sa svojom niskom toksičnom prirodom i antitumorskim svojstvima (29). Studija je pokazala da hiperforin može izazvati smrt stanica raka u slučaju leukemije (30), (31).

9. Može liječiti zagušenje sinusa

Neka istraživanja sugeriraju da gospina trava može djelovati protiv sinusitisa i sezonskog afektivnog poremećaja (SAD) (32). Gospina trava ima antibiotska i antivirusna svojstva koja mogu pomoći u ublažavanju zagušenja sluzi, infekcije sinusa, gripe i simptoma bronhitisa. Međutim, potrebna su daljnja istraživanja kako bi se shvatila korist od gospine trave kod ljudi.

10. Svibanj snižava krvni tlak

Gospina trava ima snažna protuupalna i antioksidativna svojstva, koja mogu pomoći u snižavanju krvnog tlaka. Neki anegdotski dokazi sugeriraju da ova ljekovita biljka umanjuje upale u kardiovaskularnom sustavu i smanjuje stres na srcu. Međutim, u tom je pogledu potrebno više istraživanja.

Nedovoljno dokaza za ocjenu učinkovitosti za

Gospina trava ima dugu povijest upotrebe u narodnoj medicini za liječenje različitih bolesti, uključujući upale, rane, bakterijske i virusne infekcije, peptični čir i respiratorna oštećenja (33). Kaže se da kantarion posjeduje analgetička i antinociceptivna svojstva koja pomažu u liječenju boli (34). Multipla skleroza (MS) poremećaj je središnjeg živčanog sustava koji se karakterizira ozljedom aksona i upalom. Gospina trava navodno posjeduje protuupalna svojstva koja pomažu u liječenju multiple skleroze (MS) (35).

Snažna protuupalna svojstva kantariona čine ga idealnim rješenjem za teške bolove u zglobovima, giht i grčeve mišića. Ekstrakt etil-acetata gospine trave mogao bi pokazati antihiperglikemijsko djelovanje kod dijabetičkih štakora (36). Studije na životinjama navode da gospina trava ima hepatoprotektivne učinke koji bi mogli pomoći u liječenju ishemije jetre u štakora (37). Gospina trava može pomoći u borbi protiv dijabetesa. Primjena njegovih ekstrakata (125 i 250 mg / kg) izazvala je značajno smanjenje visoke razine glukoze u krvi kod dijabetičkih štakora (38).

Slijede neke od navodnih blagodati gospine trave koje nemaju dovoljno dokaza:

• Tumor mozga (gliom)

  John's Wort može pomoći u liječenju glioma intravenskom injekcijom (39). Međutim, nema dovoljno podataka da bi se dokazala ova tvrdnja.

• Herpes

Nedavna istraživanja pokazala su da gospina trava sadrži određena antivirusna svojstva. Vjeruje se da je ova biljka korisna u liječenju herpesa, AIDS-a, hepatitisa B i nekoliko drugih ozbiljnih virusnih stanja (40), (41).

• Prestanak pušenja

Gospina trava mogla bi umanjiti znakove povlačenja nikotina kod miševa. Biljka se koristila i kao prirodni antidepresiv kod miševa. Potrebno je više studija na ljudima (42). Gospina trava pokazuje se učinkovitom u većim kontroliranim studijama. Mogao bi predstavljati jeftinije, pristupačnije i dobro podnošljivo sredstvo za promicanje prestanka pušenja (43). Međutim, potrebne su daljnje studije kako bi se shvatila mogućnost gospine trave u liječenju odvikavanja od pušenja kod ljudi.

• Pomaže u stvaranju hormonalne ravnoteže

Gospina trava široko je popularan tretman za hormonsku neravnotežu. Njegov kemijski sastav posebno se pokazuje da smanjuje hormonalnu neravnotežu u ženi u menopauzi. Može smanjiti promjene raspoloženja, ozbiljnost grčeva, iritaciju, depresiju i razinu anksioznosti (44). Međutim, potrebni su dodatni dokazi koji će potvrditi njegovu učinkovitost.

Ostale potencijalne blagodati gospine trave koje nemaju nikakvih istraživanja uključuju sljedeće:

• Migrenska glavobolja

• Opsesivno-kompulzivni poremećaj (OCD)

• Crvenilo i iritacija kože (psorijaza u plaku)

• Izvlačenje zuba

• Bol u živcima

• Sindrom izgaranja usta

• Bol nakon operacije

Iako je potrebno više istraživanja, biljka ima neke prednosti. U sljedećem ćemo dijelu pogledati idealnu dozu biljke.

Doziranje*

Za djecu i mlade (> 18 godina)

• For ADHD – 300 mg St. John’s Wort, three times daily for eight weeks (18)
• For depression – 150-1800 mg St. John’s Wort, three times daily for eight weeks (41)

For Adults

• For anxiety – 900 mg St. John’s Wort, twice daily for twelve weeks (45)
• For cancer – 05-0.50 mg per kg of hypericin, for two months (46)
• For mild to moderate depression – 20-1800 mg St. John’s Wort, three times for 4 to 52 weeks
• For severe depression – 900-1800 mg, once daily for 8 to 12 weeks (47)
• For obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) – 450-1800 mg, once daily for 12 weeks (48)
• For premenstrual syndrome (PMS) – 300-900 mg daily for two menstrual cycles (49)
• For smoking cessation – 300 mg, once or twice daily for three months (50)

* These values are taken only from randomized clinical trials. They are for reference only. None of them have been proven to treat any particular ailment. Consult your doctor for more information.

Though St. John’s Wort is generally safe for consumption, it also may have some side effects. We will explore them in the following section.

What Are The Potential Side Effects Of St. John’s Wort?

The uncontrolled and unprescribed dosage of St. John’s Wort may cause several side effects. These include allergic reactions, sedation, gastrointestinal symptoms, headache, skin reactions, dry mouth, tiredness/restlessness, and dizziness. The majority of these reactions were generally considered to be mild, moderate, or transient (51), (52), (53).

Some research has indicated that taking certain herbal supplements, including St. John’s Wort, may increase your risk of complications if you are put under anesthesia. You should not take St. John’s Wort at least two weeks before a scheduled surgery (54).

Photosensitivity reactions affecting the skin are other serious adverse reactions associated with St. John’s Wort. Recent data suggest that photosensitivity reactions are dose-related, with increased sensitivity associated with higher doses. Extracts of St. John’s Wort are used in the treatment of depression. They contain various substances with naphthodianthrones hypericin and pseudohypericin as characteristic ingredients. These compounds may lead to phototoxicity in animals and humans (55), (56).

Also, St. John’s Wort may cause liver injury, tingling, and erectile or sexual dysfunction. However, limited research is available in this regard.

Possible Drug Interactions

St. John’s Wort may react with certain drugs. Generally, most herbs interact with prescribed drugs and have the potential to influence metabolic reactions (56), (57).

In a study, drug interactions with St. John’s Wort had affected the organ systems and the central nervous system. St. John’s Wort and fluoxetine have a similar profile, and this demonstrates that herbal preparations can result in adverse drug reactions that are similar to those of prescription medications (58). In another study, St. John’s Wort interacted with cyclosporin A metabolism. The drug is involved in the careful monitoring of blood levels in a patient after liver transplantation (59).

St. John’s Wort may interact with medicines such as warfarin, phenprocoumon, cyclosporine, oral contraceptives, theophylline, digoxin, indinavir, and lamivudine (60).

Also, it may interact with other drugs. These include:

• Antibiotics, antidepressant SSRIs, and Triptans

St. John’s Wort may interact with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). This interaction may lead to agitation, nausea, confusion, and diarrhea (56).

• Oral contraceptives

St. John’s Wort may interact with oral contraceptives. This results in breakthrough bleeding among women who are taking birth control pills along with St. John’s Wort (56).

• Immunosuppressants and blood thinners such as warfarin

Warfarin may interact with St. John’s Wort, which can lead to severe adverse reactions that are sometimes life-threatening (61).

• Sedatives and medications used to treat generalized anxiety disorder; drugs used to treat cancer, heart conditions, and HIV/AIDS

From one study, patients with HIV experienced an increase in HIV RNA viral load following the use of St. John’s Wort (56).

• Over-the-counter medications (for sleep, cough, and cold)

St. John’s Wort also interacts with anticonvulsants such as carbamazepine, phenobarbitone and phenytoin, theophylline, cyclosporin, phenprocoumon, and digoxin. However, more long-term research is needed to further understand these drug interactions.

Conclusion

St. John’s Wort is an effective dietary supplement and medicinal herb for treating various nervous system related disorders. It is said to possess anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties and helps to treat many ailments. It may help treat depression, control menopausal symptoms, help in wound healing, and treat anxiety disorders. However, excess and unprescribed usage of this herbal drug may lead to some adverse reactions. Hence, limit its usage and consult your health care provider in case of any medical emergencies.

Expert’s Answers for Readers Questions

How long does St. John’s Wort take to start working?

St. John’s Wort may take 3 to 6 weeks to show any effects. Do not stop taking it all at once, as you may otherwise experience side effects.

Should I take St. John’s Wort in the morning or night?

St. John’s Wort works best if taken twice a day. In the third and fourth weeks of your treatment, take 300 mg in the morning and 600 mg in the evening. In the fifth week, consider increasing the dose to 600 mg twice a day. Like all antidepressants, it can take four to six weeks before you feel any benefits. Consult your doctor for more information on the use and dosage.

Does St. John’s Wort make you gain weight?

No. St. John’s Wort has the potential to prevent obesity and abnormalities with lipid metabolism. It does not lead to weight gain.

Is St. John’s Wort bad for your heart?

St. John’s Wort is well known to help treat depression in heart patients, with less negative side effects on the heart than traditional antidepressants.

Can St. John’s Wort damage the liver?

Gospina trava nije povezana s ozljedom jetre. Zbog mnogih interakcija i učinaka biljaka i lijekova, biljka može utjecati na rad jetre ili uzrokovati neke ozljede jetre. Izbjegavajte ga uzimati zajedno s lijekovima za jetru. Posavjetujte se sa svojim liječnikom.

Možete li piti alkohol s kantarionom?

Trebali biste izbjegavati ili ograničiti upotrebu alkohola dok se liječite gospinom travom. Alkohol može povećati nuspojave gospine trave povezane s živčanim sustavom, uključujući vrtoglavicu, pospanost i poteškoće u koncentraciji.

61 izvor

Stylecraze ima stroge smjernice za izvor i oslanja se na recenzirane studije, akademske istraživačke institucije i medicinska udruženja. Izbjegavamo koristiti tercijarne reference. Čitajući našu uredničku politiku možete saznati više o tome kako osiguravamo da je naš sadržaj točan i aktualan.

• • Butterweck V. Mechanism of action of St John’s wort in depression: what is known?. CNS Drugs . 2003;17(8):539‐562.

    pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12775192/

  • Apaydin, Eric A et al. “A systematic review of St. John’s wort for major depressive disorder.” Systematic reviews vol. 5,1 148. 2 Sep. 2016.

    www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5010734/

  • Ng QX, Venkatanarayanan N, Ho CY. Clinical use of Hypericum perforatum (St John’s wort) in depression: A meta-analysis. J Affect Disord . 2017;210:211‐221.

    pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28064110/

  • Sarris J, Kavanagh DJ. Kava and St. John’s Wort: current evidence for use in mood and anxiety disorders. J Altern Complement Med . 2009;15(8):827‐836.

    pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19614563/

  • “St. John’s Wort and Depression: In Depth.” National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health , U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

    www.nccih.nih.gov/health/st-johns-wort-and-depression-in-depth.

  • Al-Akoum M, Maunsell E, Verreault R, Provencher L, Otis H, Dodin S. Effects of Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s wort) on hot flashes and quality of life in perimenopausal women: a randomized pilot trial. Menopause . 2009;16(2):307‐314.

    pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19194342/

  • Grube, B., A. Walper, and D. Wheatley. “St. John’s Wort extract: efficacy for menopausal symptoms of psychological origin.” Advances in therapy 16.4 (1999): 177-186.

    europepmc.org/article/med/10623319

  • Abdali, Khadijeh, Marjan Khajehei, and Hamid Reza Tabatabaee. “Effect of St John’s wort on severity, frequency, and duration of hot flashes in premenopausal, perimenopausal and postmenopausal women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.” Menopause 17.2 (2010): 326-331.

    journals.lww.com/menopausejournal/Abstract/2010/17020/Effect_of_St_John_s_wort_on_severity,_frequency,.20.aspx

  • Liu, Y-R., et al. “Hypericum perforatum L. preparations for menopause: a meta-analysis of efficacy and safety.” Climacteric 17.4 (2014): 325-335.

    www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/13697137.2013.861814

  • Canning, Sarah, et al. “The efficacy of Hypericum perforatum (St John’s Wort) for the treatment of premenstrual syndrome.” CNS drugs 24.3 (2010): 207-225.

    link.springer.com/article/10.2165/11530120-000000000-00000

  • Henderson, L., et al. “St John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum): drug interactions and clinical outcomes.” British journal of clinical pharmacology 54.4 (2002): 349-356.

    bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1365-2125.2002.01683.x

  • Jarić, Snežana, et al. “Traditional wound-healing plants used in the Balkan region (Southeast Europe).” Journal of ethnopharmacology 211 (2018): 311-328.

    www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874117321852

  • Altıparmak, Mehmet, et al. “Skin wound healing properties of Hypericum perforatum, Liquidambar orientalis, and propolis mixtures.” European Journal of Plastic Surgery 42.5 (2019): 489-494.

    link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00238-019-01538-6

  • Altıparmak, Mehmet, and Teoman Eskitaşçıoğlu. “Comparison of systemic and topical Hypericum perforatum on diabetic surgical wounds.” Journal of Investigative Surgery 31.1 (2018): 29-37.

    www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08941939.2016.1272654

  • Schempp, C. M., et al. “Topical application of St John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) and of its metabolite hyperforin inhibits the allostimulatory capacity of epidermal cells.” British Journal of Dermatology 142.5 (2000): 979-984.

    onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03482.x

  • Dikmen, Miriş, et al. “Evaluation of the wound healing potentials of two subspecies of Hypericum perforatum on cultured NIH3T3 fibroblasts.” Phytotherapy research 25.2 (2011): 208-214.

    onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ptr.3243

  • Niederhofer H. St. John’s wort may improve some symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Nat Prod Res . 2010;24(3):203‐205.

    pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20140799/

  • Weber, Wendy et al. “Hypericum perforatum (St John’s wort) for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a randomized controlled trial.” JAMA vol. 299,22 (2008): 2633-41.

    www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2587403/

  • Sarris, Jerome, et al. “St. John’s wort and Kava in treating major depressive disorder with comorbid anxiety: A randomised double‐blind placebo‐controlled pilot trial.” Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental 24.1 (2009): 41-48.

    onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/hup.994?referrer_access_token=SEYySO25IalkWAh6KRs87k4keas67K9QMdWULTWMo8MZXS8VxgPOwhZwly8igFVJkGPoB9CfRWEVbwL6vi60QWzWjro1HmMkVX9C78_ZOikm1IFBCWtqO41vE-fhwcRrJ5BpfV0vJZsC3vrUd8Lslg%3D%3D

  • McFadden SL, Hooker BL. Comparing Perika St. John’s Wort and Sertraline for Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Mice. J Diet Suppl . 2020;17(3):300‐308.

    pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30773961/

  • Schempp, Christoph M., et al. “Topical treatment of atopic dermatitis with St. John’s wort cream–a randomized, placebo controlled, double blind half-side comparison.” Phytomedicine 10 (2003): 31-37.

    www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0944711304703499

  • Wölfle, Ute, Günter Seelinger, and Christoph M. Schempp. “Topical application of St. Johnʼs wort (Hypericum perforatum).” Planta medica 80.02/03 (2014): 109-120.

    www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/html/10.1055/s-0033-1351019

  • Volz, Hans-Peter, et al. “St John’s wort extract (LI 160) in somatoform disorders: results of a placebo-controlled trial.” Psychopharmacology 164.3 (2002): 294-300.

    link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00213-002-1171-6

  • Müller, Thomas, et al. “Treatment of somatoform disorders with St. John’s wort: a randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled trial.” Psychosomatic Medicine 66.4 (2004): 538-547.

    journals.lww.com/psychosomaticmedicine/Abstract/2004/07000/Treatment_of_Somatoform_Disorders_With_St__John_s.12.aspx

  • Gartner, Michael, et al. “Aristoforin, a novel stable derivative of hyperforin, is a potent anticancer agent.” Chembiochem 6.1 (2005): 171-177.

    chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/cbic.200400195

  • Murch, Susan J., and Praveen K. Saxena. “A melatonin‐rich germplasm line of St John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.).” Journal of pineal research 41.3 (2006): 284-287.

    onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1600-079X.2006.00367.x

  • Quiney, C., et al. “Hyperforin, a new lead compound against the progression of cancer and leukemia?.” Leukemia 20.9 (2006): 1519-1525.

    www.nature.com/articles/2404301

  • Rothley, Melanie, et al. “Hyperforin and aristoforin inhibit lymphatic endothelial cell proliferation in vitro and suppress tumor‐induced lymphangiogenesis in vivo.” International journal of cancer 125.1 (2009): 34-42.

    onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ijc.24295

  • Schempp, Christoph M., et al. “Inhibition of tumour cell growth by hyperforin, a novel anticancer drug from St. John’s wort that acts by induction of apoptosis.” Oncogene 21.8 (2002): 1242-1250.

    www.nature.com/articles/1205190

  • Quiney, C., et al. “Hyperforin inhibits MMP-9 secretion by B-CLL cells and microtubule formation by endothelial cells.” Leukemia 20.4 (2006): 583-589.

    www.nature.com/articles/2404134

  • Quiney, C., et al. “Pro-apoptotic properties of hyperforin in leukemic cells from patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia.” Leukemia 20.3 (2006): 491-497.

    www.nature.com/articles/2404098

  • Meesters, Ybe, and Marijke Cm Gordijn. “Seasonal affective disorder, winter type: current insights and treatment options.” Psychology research and behavior management vol. 9 317-327. 30 Nov. 2016.

    www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5138072/

  • Nicolussi, Simon, et al. “Clinical relevance of St. John’s wort drug interactions revisited.” British journal of pharmacology 177.6 (2020): 1212-1226.

    bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/bph.14936

  • Galeotti, Nicoletta. “Hypericum perforatum (St John’s wort) beyond depression: A therapeutic perspective for pain conditions.” Journal of ethnopharmacology 200 (2017): 136-146.

    www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874116314799

  • Nosratabadi, Reza. “St. John’s Wort and Its Component Hyperforin Alleviate Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis through Expansion of Regulatory T-Cells.” Taylor & Francis.

    www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/1547691X.2015.1101512

  • S, Arokiyaraj, et al. “Antihyperglycemic Effect of Hypericum Perforatum Ethyl Acetate Extract on Streptozotocin–Induced Diabetic Rats.” Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine , No Longer Published by Elsevier, 21 July 2011.

    www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2221169111600853

  • Bayramoglu, Gokhan, et al. “The hepatoprotective effects of Hypericum perforatum L. on hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats.” Cytotechnology 66.3 (2014): 443-448.

    link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10616-013-9595-x

  • Can, Özgür Devrim, et al. “Effects of treatment with St. John’s Wort on blood glucose levels and pain perceptions of streptozotocin-diabetic rats.” Fitoterapia 82.4 (2011): 576-584.

    www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0367326X11000293

  • Jendželovská, Zuzana et al. “Hypericin in the Light and in the Dark: Two Sides of the Same Coin.” Frontiers in plant science vol. 7 560. 6 May. 2016.

    www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4859072/#B108

  • Jacobson, J M et al. “Pharmacokinetics, safety, and antiviral effects of hypericin, a derivative of St. John’s wort plant, in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection.” Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy vol. 45,2 (2001): 517-24.

    www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC90321/

  • Klemow, Kenneth M., et al. “11 Medical Attributes of St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum).” Lester Packer, Ph. D. (2011): 211.

    www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92750/

  • Catania, Maria A., et al. “Hypericum perforatum attenuates nicotine withdrawal signs in mice.” Psychopharmacology 169.2 (2003): 186-189.

    link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00213-003-1492-0

  • Lawvere, Silvana, et al. “A Phase II study of St. John’s Wort for smoking cessation.” Complementary therapies in medicine 14.3 (2006): 175-184.

    www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0965229906000227

  • Geller, Stacie E, and Laura Studee. “Botanical and dietary supplements for menopausal symptoms: what works, what does not.” Journal of women’s health (2002) vol. 14,7 (2005): 634-49.

    www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1764641/

  • Apaydin, Eric A et al. “A systematic review of St. John’s wort for major depressive disorder.” Systematic reviews vol. 5,1 148. 2 Sep. 2016.

    www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5010734/

  • Couldwell WT, Surnock AA, Tobia AJ, et al. A phase 1/2 study of orally administered synthetic hypericin for treatment of recurrent malignant gliomas. Cancer . 2011;117(21):4905‐4915.

    pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21456013/

  • Cui, Yong-Hua, and Yi Zheng. “A meta-analysis on the efficacy and safety of St John’s wort extract in depression therapy in comparison with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in adults.” Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment vol. 12 1715-23. 11 Jul. 2016.

    www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4946846/

  • Taylor LH, Kobak KA. An open-label trial of St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum) in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry . 2000;61(8):575‐578.

    pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10982200/

  • Canning S, Waterman M, Orsi N, Ayres J, Simpson N, Dye L. The efficacy of Hypericum perforatum (St John’s wort) for the treatment of premenstrual syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. CNS Drugs . 2010;24(3):207‐225.

    pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20155996/

  • Sood, Amit et al. “A randomized clinical trial of St. John’s wort for smoking cessation.” Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.) vol. 16,7 (2010): 761-7.

    www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3110810/

  • Ernst, E., et al. “Adverse effects profile of the herbal antidepressant St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.).” European journal of clinical pharmacology 54.8 (1998): 589-594.

    link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s002280050519

  • Woelk, H., G. Burkard, and J. Grünwald. “Benefits and risks of the hypericum extract LI 160: drug monitoring study with 3250 patients.” Journal of geriatric psychiatry and neurology 7.1_suppl (1994): 34-38.

    journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/089198879400701s10

  • Oliveira, Ana I., et al. “Neuroprotective activity of Hypericum perforatum and its major components.” Frontiers in plant science 7 (2016): 1004.

    www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2016.01004/full#B80

  • Wong, Adrian, and Stephen A. Townley. “Herbal medicines and anaesthesia.” Continuing education in anaesthesia, critical care & pain 11.1 (2011): 14-17.

    academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/11/1/14/285726

  • Brockmöller, J., et al. “Hypericin and pseudohypericin: pharmacokinetics and effects on photosensitivity in humans.” Pharmacopsychiatry 30.S 2 (1997): 94-101.

    www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1055/s-2007-979527

  • Henderson, L., et al. “St John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum): drug interactions and clinical outcomes.” British journal of clinical pharmacology 54.4 (2002): 349-356.

    bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1365-2125.2002.01683.x

  • Mannel, Marcus. “Drug interactions with St John’s wort.” Drug safety 27.11 (2004): 773-797.

    link.springer.com/article/10.2165/00002018-200427110-00003

  • Hoban, Claire L., Roger W. Byard, and Ian F. Musgrave. “A comparison of patterns of spontaneous adverse drug reaction reporting with St. John’s Wort and fluoxetine during the period 2000–2013.” Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 42.7 (2015): 747-751.

    onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1440-1681.12424

  • Karliova, Marc, et al. “Interaction of Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s wort) with cyclosporin A metabolism in a patient after liver transplantation.” Journal of hepatology 33.5 (2000): 853-855.

    www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0168827800803219

  • Belwal, Tarun, et al. “St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum).” Nonvitamin and Nonmineral Nutritional Supplements . Academic Press, 2019. 415-432.

    www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128124918000564

  • Milić, Nataša, et al. “Warfarin interactions with medicinal herbs.” Natural product communications 9.8 (2014): 1934578X1400900835.

    journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1934578X1400900835